The bioavailability question fundamentally determines whether nasal spray can deliver results comparable to injection
Following subcutaneous injection, the peptide enters systemic circulation with bioavailability of 14-19% in rats, while intramuscular administration achieves 45-51% bioavailability in beagle dogs, indicating both route-dependent and species-dependent absorption characteristics
Jarosch E, Taxis C, Volkwein C, Bordallo J, Finley D, Wolf DH, et al
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 24.Massia SP, Hubbell JA
These are common themes in reviews across supplement categories
First of all, it is convenient to use it does not require special storage (can be kept in a cabinet), the undissolved peptide (in powder form) is not as unstable as its dissolved form administered by injection, and moreover, the active substance itself has greater bioavailability