Although FOXO4s specific effects on mitochondria are as direct as the other peptides above, it is known to regulate the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response and energy metabolism, which can impact mitochondrial function indirectly (Liu, 2019)
Remarkably, this process may contribute to the preservation of cellular energy balance by recycling of glucose, amino acids and lipids in cells 35,36,37 , and recycled amino acids can enter into Krebs cycle to produce ATP 38,39
VDBP is primarily synthesized and secreted by the liver (14, 55)
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Amy Nelson, ND* received her Naturopathic Doctorate from the National College of Natural Medicine in Portland, OR where she studied nutrition, homeopathy, herbal and functional medicine
Thats when oxidative stress builds up and starts causing damage at a deeper level